historical methods
The methods, techniques, and guidelines that historians follow when researching the past and writing history, such as the use of primary sources.
Historians research, analyze, interpret, and present the past of human societies. They analyse documents, sources, and traces from the past in order to understand the past societies.
Competences and skills
74 ESCO relationsEssential knowledge 5 competences
Occupation specific
0 competencesNo competences in this bucket.
Sector-specific
0 competencesNo competences in this bucket.
Cross-sector
5 competenceshistory
The discipline that studies, analyses, and presents the events of the past related to humans.
periodisation
The categorisation of the past into defined blocks of time, called time periods, in order to make researching history easier.
scientific research methodology
The theoretical methodology used in scientific research involving doing background research, constructing an hypothesis, testing it, analysing data and concluding the results.
source criticism
Process of classifying various informational sources into different categories such as historical and non-historical, or primary and secondary, and evaluating those sources on the basis of their content, material features, authors etc.
Essential skills and competences 33 competences
Occupation specific
0 competencesNo competences in this bucket.
Sector-specific
3 competencesdo historical research
Use scientific methods to research history and culture.
manage intellectual property rights
Deal with the private legal rights that protect the products of the intellect from unlawful infringement.
research
operate open source software
Operate Open Source software, knowing the main Open Source models, licensing schemes, and the coding practices commonly adopted in the production of Open Source software.
digitalresearch
Cross-sector
30 competencesanalyse recorded sources
Analyse recorded sources such as government records, newspapers, biographies, and letters in order to uncover and interpret the past.
apply for research funding
Identify key relevant funding sources and prepare research grant application in order to obtain funds and grants. Write research proposals.
research
apply research ethics and scientific integrity principles in research activities
Apply fundamental ethical principles and legislation to scientific research, including issues of research integrity. Perform, review, or report research avoiding misconducts such as fabrication, falsification, and plagiarism.
research
apply scientific methods
Apply scientific methods and techniques to investigate phenomena, by acquiring new knowledge or correcting and integrating previous knowledge.
communicate with a non-scientific audience
Communicate about scientific findings to a non-scientific audience, including the general public. Tailor the communication of scientific concepts, debates, findings to the audience, using a variety of methods for different target groups, including visual presentations.
research
conduct research across disciplines
Work and use research findings and data across disciplinary and/or functional boundaries.
research
consult information sources
Consult relevant information sources to find inspiration, to educate yourself on certain topics and to acquire background information.
demonstrate disciplinary expertise
Demonstrate deep knowledge and complex understanding of a specific research area, including responsible research, research ethics and scientific integrity principles, privacy and GDPR requirements, related to research activities within a specific discipline.
research
develop professional network with researchers and scientists
Develop alliances, contacts or partnerships, and exchange information with others. Foster integrated and open collaborations where different stakeholders co-create shared value research and innovations. Develop your personal profile or brand and make yourself visible and available in face-to-face and online networking environments.
research
disseminate results to the scientific community
Publicly disclose scientific results by any appropriate means, including conferences, workshops, colloquia and scientific publications.
research
draft scientific or academic papers and technical documentation
Draft and edit scientific, academic or technical texts on different subjects.
research
evaluate research activities
Review proposals, progress, impact and outcomes of peer researchers, including through open peer review.
research
increase the impact of science on policy and society
Influence evidence-informed policy and decision making by providing scientific input to and maintaining professional relationships with policymakers and other stakeholders.
research
integrate gender dimension in research
Take into account in the whole research process the biological characteristics and the evolving social and cultural features of women and men (gender).
research
interact professionally in research and professional environments
Show consideration to others as well as collegiality. Listen, give and receive feedback and respond perceptively to others, also involving staff supervision and leadership in a professional setting.
research
manage findable accessible interoperable and reusable data
Produce, describe, store, preserve and (re) use scientific data based on FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable) principles, making data as open as possible, and as closed as necessary.
digitalresearch
manage open publications
Be familiar with Open Publication strategies, with the use of information technology to support research, and with the development and management of CRIS (current research information systems) and institutional repositories. Provide licensing and copyright advice, use bibliometric indicators, and measure and report research impact.
digitalresearch
manage personal professional development
Take responsibility for lifelong learning and continuous professional development. Engage in learning to support and update professional competence. Identify priority areas for professional development based on reflection about own practice and through contact with peers and stakeholders. Pursue a cycle of self-improvement and develop credible career plans.
research
manage research data
Produce and analyse scientific data originating from qualitative and quantitative research methods. Store and maintain the data in research databases. Support the re-use of scientific data and be familiar with open data management principles.
digitalresearch
mentor individuals
Mentor individuals by providing emotional support, sharing experiences and giving advice to the individual to help them in their personal development, as well as adapting the support to the specific needs of the individual and heeding their requests and expectations.
research
perform project management
Manage and plan various resources, such as human resources, budget, deadline, results, and quality necessary for a specific project, and monitor the project's progress in order to achieve a specific goal within a set time and budget.
research
perform scientific research
Gain, correct or improve knowledge about phenomena by using scientific methods and techniques, based on empirical or measurable observations.
research
promote open innovation in research
Apply techniques, models, methods and strategies which contribute to the promotion of steps towards innovation through collaboration with people and organizations outside the organisation.
research
promote the participation of citizens in scientific and research activities
Engage citizens in scientific and research activities and promote their contribution in terms of knowledge, time or resources invested.
research
promote the transfer of knowledge
Deploy broad awareness of processes of knowledge valorisation aimed to maximise the two–way flow of technology, intellectual property, expertise and capability between the research base and industry or the public sector.
research
publish academic research
Conduct academic research, in universities and research institutions, or on a personal account, publish it in books or academic journals with the aim of contributing to a field of expertise and achieving personal academic accreditation.
research
speak different languages
Master foreign languages to be able to communicate in one or more foreign languages.
research
synthesise information
Critically read, interpret, and summarise new and complex information from diverse sources.
research
think abstractly
Demonstrate the ability to use concepts in order to make and understand generalisations, and relate or connect them to other items, events, or experiences.
research
write scientific publications
Present the hypothesis, findings, and conclusions of your scientific research in your field of expertise in a professional publication.
research
Optional knowledge 11 competences
Occupation specific
0 competencesNo competences in this bucket.
Sector-specific
6 competencesarchaeology
The study of the recovery and examination of material culture left behind from human activity in the past.
art history
The history of art and artists, the artistic trends throughout centuries and their contemporary evolutions.
conservation techniques
The procedures, instruments, techniques, materials and chemicals used in conservation and archiving.
cultural history
Field that combines historical and anthropological approaches for recording and studying past customs, arts, and manners of a group of people taking into account their political, cultural, and social milieu.
museum databases
The tools and processes involved in working with museum databases.
digital
paleography
The study of handwriting and its processes and forms to decipher, interpret and transcribe ancient manuscripts and handwriting styles from different historical periods
Cross-sector
5 competencesAfrican studies
Academic field dealing with interdisciplinary studies of the African continent from an historical, social, legal, political, economic, or cultural approach. Its diversity and the relationship of Africa with the world is another dimension also covered.
Ancient Greek
The Ancient Greek language.
language
geography
The scientific discipline that studies the land, phenomena, characteristics and inhabitants of Earth. This field seeks to understand the natural and man-made complexities of Earth. It explores the social, political, and economic characteristics of human societies as well as the morphological properties of the Earth.
Latin
The Latin language.
language
Sanskrit
The Sanskrit language.
language
Optional skills and competences 25 competences
Occupation specific
1 competenceconsult iconographic sources
Analyse images in order to describe past societies, customs, and cultural movements.
Sector-specific
13 competencesadvise on historical context
Advise on the historical context of a production, including historical facts, and contemporary styles.
archive documentation related to work
Select relevant documentation related to the ongoing or complete work and take steps to archive it in a way that ensures its future accessibility.
assess conservation needs
Assess and list the needs for conservation/restoration, in relation to current use and planned future use.
compile library lists
Compile exhaustive lists of books, magazines, periodicals, articles, and audio-visual materials on particular subjects.
create collection conservation plan
Create a comprehensive, high-level overview conservation plan for the collection.
develop scientific theories
Formulate scientific theories based on empirical observations, gathered data and theories of other scientists.
escort visitors to places of interest
Bring tourists to places of interest such as museums, exhibitions, theme parks or art galleries.
interview people
Interview people in a range of different circumstances.
maintain museum records
Keep museum records current and in conformity with museum standards.
manage digital archives
Create and maintain computer archives and databases, incorporating latest developments in electronic information storage technology.
digital
provide tourism related information
Give customers relevant information about historical and cultural locations and events while conveying this information in an entertaining and informative manner.
- Scope note
- Locations might be such as points of interest, events, local customs or foreign country regulations.
study a collection
Research and trace the origins and the historical significance of collections and archive content.
supervise projects for the conservation of heritage buildings
Supervise protection and restoration projects of cultural heritage. Use your expertise to make sure the project runs smoothly.
Cross-sector
11 competencesapply blended learning
Be familiar with blended learning tools by combining traditional face-to-face and online learning, using digital tools, online technologies, and e-learning methods.
digitalresearch
conduct public presentations
Speak in public and interact with those present. Prepare notices, plans, charts, and other information to support the presentation.
determine authorship of documents
Determine the author of a document by comparing signatures and handwriting through handwriting analysis.
document interviews
Record, write, and capture answers and information collected during interviews for processing and analysis using shorthand or technical equipment.
manage tourist groups
Monitor and guide tourists ensuring positive group dynamics and address areas of conflict and concern where they occur.
provide technical expertise
Provide expert knowledge in a particular field, especially concerning mechanical or scientific subjects, to decision makers, engineers, technical staff or journalists.
reconstruct modified documents
Decipher and reconstruct the content of modified of partially destroyed documents.
search historical sources in archives
Search archives in order to find the sources needed for historical research.
teach history
Instruct students in the theory and practice of history and historical research, and more specifically in topics such as history of the Middle Ages, research methods, and source criticism.
teach in academic or vocational contexts
Instruct students in the theory and practice of academic or vocational subjects, transferring the content of own and others' research activities.
research
write research proposals
Synthetise and write proposals aiming to solve research problems. Draft the proposal baseline and objectives, the estimated budget, risks and impact. Document the advances and new developments on the relevant subject and field of study.